3. FEED RESOURCES (2024)

3.1 Status of the FeedIndustry
3.2 Aquaculture Feeds
3.3 Feed IngredientResources
3.4 Marketing andDistribution
3.5 Nutrient Analysis ofFeedstuffs
3.6 Directories of Manufacturers andSuppliers of Feeds, Feed Ingredients, Feed Additives, and Feed ManufacturingEquipment

3.1 Status of the FeedIndustry

3.1.1 Aquaculture feedproduction
3.1.2 Poultry and livestock feedproduction

The feed industry consists primarily of livestock, poultry,and aquaculture sub-sectors. There are five major feed markets, namely those forpig, chicken, duck, fish, and shrimp. Of the commercially important livestocks,all are ruminants except for pig; the pig industry is therefore responsible forthe bulk of the feeds consumed for livestock. Cattle and goats though with largepopulations are raised primarily on roughages. Poultry feed production consistsmainly of chicken and duck feeds. Chicken are raised for meat (broiler) or foreggs (layer), while ducks are farmed for their eggs. Until recently, aquaculturefeeds have been considered a minor sub-sector of the feedmilling industry.However, today the production of fish feeds is the fastest growing feedmarket.

Table 23 shows the registered commercial and non-commercialmixed feed production volume in the Philippines from 1990-1994 based on datafrom the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI). However, only commercial feedmanufacturing operations are required to register at BAI; the registration ofnon-commercial operations being voluntary although necessary for the provisionof import allocations for corn. As of 11 July 1995, a total of 248 commercialfeedmillers were registered with BAI and had an aggregate capacity of 9,636mt/day based on an 8-hour work shift (Table 24). Of these, 86.5% aregeographically located in Luzon, while 8.1% are in the Visayas and 5.4% inMindanao. A great majority of the feedmills can be found in the NCR and thesurrounding provinces of Regions III and IV. These three regions account for82.3% of national rated capacity.

Based on the size of registered operations, there are 15large-scale (> 100 mt/8-h shift) feedmills, 22 medium-scale (50.1-100 mt/8-hshift) feedmills, and 210 small-scale operations (< 50 mt/8-h shift),respectively (Table 25). The top 10 establishments represent approximately halfof the national commercial feed manufacturing capacity (Table 26).

As for the non-commercial operations, there were only 52registered feedmills with a monthly aggregate capacity of 97,160 mt; 44 of thesebeing located in Regions III and IV.

3.1.1 Aquaculture feedproduction

Total aquaculture feed production in 1995 was estimated to beapproximately 148,000 mt, consisting mainly of milkfish, tilapia, and shrimpfeeds (Table 27). At present, there are 23 commercial feedmills and fournon-commercial feedmills involved in the manufacture of fish and shrimp feeds(for details of production capacities and product specifications (see Tables 30and 31 in Section 3.2.2.).

Tilapia feeds constitute some 70,000 mt or just under half ofthe total feed produced in 1995; bulk of the tilapia feed demand coming fromLuzon (87%), particularly from Taal Lake, Lake Bato, Lake Buhi, Magat Dam,Pantabangan Dam, and several small lakes in Laguna Province (Figure 12). All ofthese farming centres utilize cage culture techniques where the stockingdensities are up to 30 times higher than those normally used in ponds. Milkfishfarming utilized about 50,000 mt of feeds in 1995 with 44% of this beingconsumed in Luzon, mainly in Pangasinan and Bulacan. Although Laguna Lake is amajor milkfish farming centre, farmers use very little feed due to thelakes euthrophic water. An estimated 38% of the milkfish feed demand comesfrom the Visayas, particularly in Negros Occidental, Iloilo, and Capiz. As forthe shrimp feed market, this has shrunk considerably from over 60,000 mt in 1991to around 25,000 mt in 1995; this is projected to drop further below 18,000 mtin 1996. An estimated 40% of the shrimp feeds is being used in the Visayas,particularly in the provinces of Bohol and Negros Occidental, while some 45% isconsumed in Mindanao, mainly in Agusan del Norte and South Cotabato. Luzonaccounts for only around 15% of the feed market. Due to the many diseaseproblems plaguing shrimp farming industry, the majority of farmers have eitherceased operation or have shifted production to intensive milkfishculture.

3.1.2 Poultry and livestock feedproduction

Total registered commercial and non-commercial mixed feedproduction in 1993 was 1,565,093 mt and 250,700 mt, respectively (Villacorte,1994). Based on 1992 data, which was the latest year that BAI provided abreakdown of the commercial mixed feed production, poultry and livestock feedsaccounted for 96% of the total commercial feeds produced (including aquaculturefeeds). Of this, pig, poultry, and duck constituted 46.9%, 41.9%, and 8.5%,respectively. The remainder were feeds for fighting co*ck, pigeon, cattle, horse,and pet animals.

There are a total of 237 commercial feedmills and 52non-commercial feedmills manufacturing feeds for poultry and livestock (BAIregistration as of 11 July, 1995; Figure 13). A directory of commercial andnon-commercial livestock and poultry feed manufacturers is given in Section3.6.

The regional inventory of poultry and livestock presented inTable 20 and the major chicken growing provinces shown in Figure 13 provide anidea of the feed market distribution. Chicken feeds are mainly consumed in theprovinces of Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Cavite, while pigfeeds are in greatest demand in Bulacan, Leyte, Cebu, Negros Occidental, andBatangas.

3.2 Aquaculture Feeds

3.2.1 Hatchery feeds
3.2.2 Growout feeds
3.2.3 Unprocessed feeds

3.2.1 Hatchery feeds

All processed hatchery feeds and enrichment additives arecurrently imported into the Philippines (Table 28). The most widely usedhatchery feeds are brine shrimp eggs and microencapsulated larval diets, withthe shrimp industry consuming the bulk of hatchery feeds. In the early 1990sthere were some 461 shrimp hatcheries (Woiwoodie et al., 1993) althoughthe present number is less than 100. To date, the hatchery feed demand of themarine finfish sector has been minimal. Brine shrimp is also consumed infreshwater catfish and carp hatcheries, mainly in Luzon, and also by theaquarium fish industry. The total volume of brine shrimp eggs imported into thePhilippines in 1994 was 86,209 kg. In the 1980s attempts were made to producebrine shrimp eggs locally in salt ponds in Iloilo, Mindoro, and Negros Oriental,but these ventures did not prove to be commercially viable.

For the weaning of fry during the first few days of culturemilkfish fry traders and tilapia hatchery operators have traditionally used theyolk from hard boiled chicken egg, wheat flour (pan roasted), or bread crumbs.Although various brands of fry mash are now available from local feedmillers,many farmers are not satisfied with their performance. This can probably beexplained by the fact that these are not complete feeds and should be used inthe presence of natural food. Some commercial fry mash are actually the finesproduced during the processing of crumbled feed for juveniles, or consist of acompounded mixture that has not undergone any form of processing so as toimprove its digestibility, hydrostability, or shelf life. With a growing numberof farmers adopting higher stocking densities in the nursery to accommodateincreasing growout fingerling requirements, there is the immediate need toimprove the quality of commercial fry diets for use in milkfish and tilapianurseries.

It is also important to mention that processed larval feedsare normally also fed in combination with cultured natural live food organismssuch as Skeletonema, Chaetoceros, Chlorella, Spirulina, andBrachionus. Starters for desirable strains of phytoplankton andzooplankton are available from the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center(SEAFDEC) in Tigbauan, Iloilo and Binangonan, Rizal. In some tilapia hatcheries,sex reversal feeds (containing methyltestosterone) are used for producingall-male tilapia. Suppliers of the hormone-treated feeds are listed in Tables 51and 28, respectively. A directory of hatchery feed suppliers is given in Table49 in Section 3.6.

3.2.2 Growout feeds

Table 29 presents the feed lines and processing capacities ofthe countrys 22 commercial aquafeed manufacturers. Eleven of thesecompanies manufacture fish feeds and shrimp feeds, eight produce only fishfeeds, while three produce exclusively shrimp feeds. Finally, one company isengaged in the production of mudcrab feeds (Santeh Feeds). It is interesting tonote that most of the shrimp feed manufacturers in the Philippines have had atone time or another some form of partnership with Taiwanese aquafeed companies.There are currently only four non-commercial feed manufacturers which wereoriginally built to manufacture farm-made shrimp feeds, but are now producingfish feeds (some with tolling arrangement with commercial feed companies).Figure 14 shows the geographical locations of aquaculture feedmills in thePhilippines and Table 50 (Section 3.6) presents a complete listing of commercialand non-commercial aquaculture feed manufacturers.

For information on the manufacturers and suppliers offeedmilling equipment, the reader is referred to Appendix 1,

Fish feeds

At present 15 different brands of locally produced fish feedare available on the market (Table 30). Of these, over 95% are used for tilapiaand milkfish culture, and the remainder used for catfish and carp culture.Unlike the development of the shrimp feed manufacturing industry which dependedheavily on imported technology, fish feed manufacturing grew to a large extentfrom local expertise and experience.

The largest fish feed manufacturers are Santeh Feeds,Vitarich, Universal Robina, and Feedmix. Only two fish feed manufacturers(i.e. Vitarich and Feedmix) utilize extrusion processing to producefloating feeds; the remainder are manufactured by pelleting and are of thesinking type. Moreover, there are no commercial moist feed manufacturers on themarket. Most companies offer a single feed formulation for the culture ofmilkfish, tilapia, catfish, and carp, conceivably to reduce inventory cost andsimplify stock management. Only seven feedmillers manufacture diets for specificfish species.

Shrimp feeds

3.2.3 Unprocessed feeds

Simple feeds

Single ingredient feeds have long been in use in extensivemilkfish and tilapia culture. These are energy diets and are supplemented onlywhen the natural food is exhausted. Among the most frequently used are rice bran(D1 and D2), bakery waste, and rejects of processed cereals for human food (suchas biscuits and extruded snacks). Also used to a limited extent are corn bran,copra meal, and grated coconut meat. Suppliers of rice bran, corn bran, andcopra meal are listed in Table 35. Bakery and snack food waste and by-productsare especially desirable as supplemental feeds since they float and are not aspolluting as rice bran and corn bran. At US$ 0.04-0.1/kg, they are also costefficient. An average bakery is estimated to produce some 5-8% waste, includingstale bread. Sources of these by-products are too numerous to include in thisAtlas. However, for a listing of bakeries as well as snack food manufacturersreaders should refer to the provincial offices of the Department of Trade andIndustry or the Philippine Federation of Bakers Association, Inc. located inManila.

Fresh feeds

The supply of trash fish for the culture ofcarnivorous species such as shrimp, grouper, seabass, and crabs, is usuallyseasonal and available only in certain areas. Figure 15 shows the major fishlanding centres around the archipelago where trash fish can be readily sourced.The success of farming ventures that require trash fish depends to a largeextent on its price, freshness, and year-round availability. Marine bivalves(e.g. green mussel, oyster, clam), molluscs (e.g. squid),crustaceans (e.g. Acetes, shrimp), and annelids are also used asfresh feeds for hatchery and growout culture. Typical nutrient analysis of freshfeeds are presented in Table 45c. Other important fresh feed resources foraquaculture include abattoirs, meat processors, poultry dressing plants, andfish processors (see Section 3.6).

3.3 Feed IngredientResources

3.3.1 Major feedstuffs
3.3.2 Other feedstuffs
3.3.3 Non-conventionalfeedstuffs
3.3.4 Fats and oils
3.3.5 Vitamins andminerals
3.3.6 Feed additives

3.3.1 Major feedstuffs

The primary feedstuffs available for the aquafeed millingindustry are rice bran, yellow corn and corn bran, wheat and by-products(pollard and bran), copra meal, soybean oil meal, fish meal, and meat and bonemeal. The description and nutrient specifications of these feedstuffs areprovided in Table 32.

Rice bran and copra meal are sourced exclusively in thecountry. Yellow corn is produced locally in large quantities although someimportation has been necessary in recent years due to shortages in farmproduction. By contrast, all the soybean oil meal is imported, whilst limitedamounts of fish meal and meat and bone meal are produced locally. Wheat and itsby-products on the other hand are produced by local flour mills from importedgrains. Table 33 compares the imports and exports of major feedstuff resourcesin the Philippines.

The major feedstuffs used within aquaculture feeds in thecountry are limited to about seven to ten basic feed ingredients, the majorityof which are imported. Aquaculture feeds currently utilize about 45-75% importedraw materials for fish feeds and 85-95% imported raw materials for shrimp feeds,as compared to only 20-30% for livestock and poultry feeds. The major local andimported feedstuffs shared between the formulation of fish and shrimp feeds andthat for pig and chicken feeds are presented in Table 34. Four ingredients canbe said to be of serious competing use, these being soybean oil meal, rice bran,fishmeal, and wheat by-products. A brief description of the supply andavailability of the major feedstuffs available in the Philippines is givenbelow. Tables 35 and 51 show the major feedstuff suppliers and directorylistings, respectively.

Soybean oil meal

Soybean oil meal is the most widely used high protein plantfeedstuff; the Philippines being dependent upon foreign supply with imports in1994 totalling 655,066 mt. The country also imported 61,690 mt of unprocessedsoybeans in the same year with the oil being extracted for the food industry andthe meal sold locally. Soybean oil meal is sourced mainly from the US and India,with other major suppliers including China, Australia, and Brazil; this iscurrently taxed at 10%. The extent of utilization of soybean in feeds isaffected by world market prices. Between 1990 and 1995, importation hasfluctuated from a low of 593,054 mt in 1991 to a high of 822,633 mt in 1993(Figure 16).

In 1994, some 4,050 mt of soybean were produced locallyalthough these were used as human food. In the early 1970s and again in theearly 1980s, various government institutions with the cooperation of privatefirms, attempted but failed to interest farmers to propagate soybeans (Baconawa,1990). Soybean however remains a priority crop in the Key Commercial CropDevelopment Program of the MTADP. Although the Philippines has vast tracts ofland ideal for producing soybean, production and transport costs are relativelyhigh, making local production presently uncompetitive.

Rice bran

The Philippines produced an average of 9.7 million mt/y ofpaddy from 1992 to 1994, with production coming mainly from the provinces ofNueva Ecija, Isabela, Pangasinan, Tarlac, Bulacan, and Camarines Sur in Luzon,Iloilo and Negros Occidental in the Visayas, and Zamboanga del Sur and Bukidnonin Mindanao (Figure 17). In terms of rice bran, this amounted to 970,000 mtannually (at 10% of the paddy weight). Figure 18 presents the regionalavailability of rice bran; the top five producers being Regions III (18.0%), VI(14.3), IV (11.2%), II (11.1%) and V (7.1%). Luzon accounts for 58.1% or thetotal supply, followed by the Visayas (20.2%) and Mindanao (21.8%).

As rice is a seasonal crop, then so is the availability ofrice bran. Figures 1 9a-c illustrate the quarterly supply of rice bran perregion, with Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao showing a peak in supply during thefourth quarter. This trend is closely associated with the supply of irrigationwater from the monsoon rains which favour harvesting during the late thirdquarter and the last quarter of the year. The lean months are observed betweenthe first and third quarters when it is dry in many provinces. Luzon experiencesa marked drop in supply during the third quarter while Visayas is low in supplyduring the second and third quarters. For most of Mindanao, planting is allowedduring most parts of the year with only a moderate drop in production during thesecond quarter. The peak and lean months do not necessarily coincide betweenregions and island groups due to the differences in climate pattern.

Based on data from 1992-1994, the country experiences a lowsupply of rice bran during the first quarter (19.2%) and second quarter (13.8%),a moderate supply during the third quarter (29.2%), and a year end peak duringthe fourth quarter (37.8%). This seasonality affects the pricing of ricebranwhich ranges from a low US$ 76.9/t usually during the fourth quarter, to a highUS$ 153.8/t typically during the second quarter.

Yellow corn

Corn is the second most important agricultural crop in thePhilippines with a total production of 4,519,246 mt in 1994 (Table 36). Themajor corn growing provinces are Isabela in Luzon, Bukidnon, North Cotabato,Lanao del Sur, and Maguindanao in Mindanao (Figure 20). There are two major corntypes, yellow and white. Yellow corn is used as a major raw material for poultryfeeds and pig feeds while white corn is produced mainly for human food (it isthe staple cereal in several provinces in Central and Eastern Visayas, and inparts of Mindanao) although it is also sometimes used as a feedstuff for pigsand poultry. In fish feeds, yellow corn is rarely used and if so only in smallquantities.

3.3.2 Other feedstuffs

Other imported feedstuffs commonly used within aquaculturefeeds include meat and bone meal/greaves/offals, crustacean meal/flour, squidliver meal, fish solubles, and brewers yeast (Table 33). With theexception of squid liver meal and fish soluble, all these feedstuffs are alsoproduced locally although the volume of production is small.

Minor local feedstuffs that have found commercial use in fishand shrimp feeds are cassava meal (Manihot esculenta) andipil-ipil leaf meal (Leucaena leucocephala). The meal or flour ofcassava is desired for its excellent binding properties and its high energycontent, but its use is limited to less than 10% due to the presence of thetoxic glycoside linamarin and its low protein content. At present, most of thelocal production of cassava chips in the provinces from which the meal isderived is exported for food use. On the other hand, ipil-ipil leaf meal hasbeen found to be an economical protein feedstuff for use in fish feeds. Likecassava, however, it too contains an anti-nutritional factor (i.e. toxicamino acid mimosine), and consequently inclusion rate is generally kept below5%.

There are at least 12 cassava flour/starch manufacturingplants (see Table 35 - RN: 175, 233, 238, 277, 303, 305, 307, 350, 371, 373,374, 375) in the Philippines with a total capacity of about 130,000 mt/y, andseveral small cassava chip mills with an annual rated capacity of 3,216,296 mt(Lapitan, 1986). Figure 29 shows the major cassava growing provinces and thegeographical location of the cassava processing plants.

Various government programmes have encouraged the planting ofcassava and ipil-ipil throughout the 1980s specifically for use within animalfeeds, and at present both feedstuffs are widely available. From 1985 to 1986,the availability of ipil-ipil leaf meal was temporarily but severely curtaileddue to the occurrence of the jumping lice infestation.

Brewers yeast is also now commonly used withinaquaculture feeds although only in limited quantities. These are sourced fromlocal breweries (RN: 13, 193, 272, 305, 364) and from foreignsuppliers.

3.3.3 Non-conventionalfeedstuffs

Table 37 describes some of the non-conventional feedstuffsavailable in the Philippines that may find application in aquaculture. Many ofthese feedstuffs are suitable for use within farm-made aquafeeds forsemi-intensive culture where quality is not as critical and volume requirementsare not large. To date, only cassava meal, ipil-ipil leaf meal, andbrewers yeast have graduated to conventional use inaquaculture feeds.

Slaughterhouse and meat processing by-products and rejects areamong the most valuable feed resources that have yet to be adequately tapped(Tables 52, 53, 54). For example, a study conducted by the Animal ProductsDevelopment Center (APDC-BAI) in 121 small- and medium-sized abbatoirs in eightregions concluded that various wastes generated from slaughtering operations(e.g. blood, stomach contents, and fat trimmings) starting from lairagingup to meat inspection before the dispatch of carcasses are generally discardedas waste (Tenorio et al., 1995). There are now some large poultryprocessors that are investing in the production of meal from chickenby-products. Animal processing by-products and rejects not fit for humanconsumption are usually sold on site for less than US$ 0.20/kg, or in some casesjust given away at no cost.

Other candidate high-protein non-conventional feedstuffresources that abound in farmlands are golden apple snails (Pomaceacanaliculata), edible frogs from rice paddies, and earthworms. For adetailed discussion of the availability and utilization of non-conventional feedresources in Asia and the Pacific, the reader is referred to the review byDevendra (1985). To attend to the training needs of technicians and farmersconcerning the use of non-conventional feedstuffs, BAI established in its QuezonCity compound the non-conventional Feed Development and Outreach Center in1990.

3.3.4 Fats and oils

Table 38 presents the major imports and exports of selectedfats and oils. The major types of fats and oils imported into the Philippines(not necessarily for feed use) are crude and refined soybean oil, tallow, andfish oil; during 1994, this amounted to 49,984 mt, 9,783 mt, and 259 mt,respectively. Crude and refined coconut oil constitute the bulk of the oilexports totalling 848,756 mt in 1994. Table 39 shows major suppliers of fats andoils.

Albeit the country produces large amounts of coconut oil, thisis marketed for human and industrial use and not suitable for feeds due to itshigh cost (US$ 0.41-0.43/kg). At present, local production of animal oils foruse in feeds is minimal and generally poor in quality. Sardine cannery waste andfat trimmings from abattoirs are major fat resources of potential value to thefeed industry. However, manufacturers have to first properly source rawmaterials and invest in good handling and processing equipment.

3.3.5 Vitamins andminerals

Vitamins and mineral additives used in animal feeds are allimported into the Philippines with the exception of some natural mineralsupplements such as calcium phosphates and oyster shell. Suppliers of vitaminand mineral supplements and premixes are listed in Table 40.

Commercial vitamin premixes for livestock and poultry feedsare widely available even for retail sale due to the numerous smallnon-commercial feed millers in the country. In contrast, fish and shrimppremixes are uncommon due to the limited market and also since many aquafeedmillers import their requirements directly. For example, shrimp feedmanufacturers which have Taiwanese partners usually obtain their premixesdirectly from Taiwan although details of the premix composition are usually notdisclosed for proprietary reasons. An example of a commercially availablevitamin and mineral premix for use in fish and shrimp feeds is given in Appendix2.

3.3.6 Feed additives

Binders are an important ingredient of aquaculture feeds.Binders reduce wastage from fines and ensure physical and chemical integrity ofthe feed in water prior to consumption. Locally available natural and chemical(or synthetic) binders for fish and shrimp feeds are described in Table 41.Other important feed additives include antioxidants, mould inhibitors, andchemo-attractants. The commercial incorporation of therapeutants in feeds iscurrently limited to the use of furazolidone and Virginiamycin (Table 42) withintilapia and catfish feeds.

The use of therapeutants is quite common in shrimp culture atthe farm level and this was particularly widespread a few years ago. However,the industry abandoned this practice between 1991-1992 after shrimp shipments toJapan from the Philippines and Thailand were rejected due to the presence ofhigh levels of oxolinic and oxalic acid within the shrimp tissues. Recently,heavy losses in survival have again forced many shrimp farmers to useantibiotics such as oxolinic acid and furazolidone, although in this instance,farmers appear to be more responsible in their use (i.e. withdrawalperiod). Apart from the use of antibiotics, vitamins and sometimes enzyme arealso applied on the farm level using marine or soybean oil, chicken egg, orpre-gelatinized starch as binders (Table 43).

3.4 Marketing andDistribution

3.4.1 Packaging
3.4.2 Marketing channels
3.4.3 Pricing

3.4.1 Packaging

Fish and shrimp feeds are usually packed in wovenpolypropylene (PP) bags provided with an inner polyethylene (PE) lining. Allfeed companies pack grower and finisher fish feeds in 25 kg bags since quite anumber of farmers compute their feed inputs in terms of bags rather thankilogrammes. Mash feeds are either packed in 5 or 10 kg PE-lined PP bags whilecrumbled feeds are packed in 10 or 20 kg PE-lined PP bags. All feed bags aremechanically sealed by stitching; an exception is one company which utilizes 5kg vacuum packed plastic bags for its crumble shrimp feeds. Imported shrimpfeeds from Taiwan arrive in 20 kg PP laminated paper bags with an inner PE filmbag. By contrast, livestock and poultry feeds are usually packed within 50kg/woven PP bags with no inner lining.

3.4.2 Marketing channels

The distance and isolation of many of the countrysislands makes a multi-level marketing channel inevitable and this significantlyadds to the cost of local feeds and feedstuffs. Imported feedstuffs arechannelled from the importer to wholesaler (which may be the same entity) to thedistributor and dealers. However, local feedstuffs such as corn, rice bran, andcopra meal pass through a more intricate marketing channel, originating from thefarmer or miller through several levels of traders before reaching thefeedmiller (Figure 30). To ensure continuous supply of rice and corn productsduring the off-season, it is common for barangay and municipal traders to offerfinancing and buy-back arrangements to farmers, many of whom lack capital foradequate fertilizer and pesticide implements. This arrangement makes itespecially difficult for end users to source rice bran and yellow corn duringthe lean months even directly from the trading areas. Ironically, during thepeak months when it is possible to buy directly from the source, many feedmillers avoid doing so as a gesture of goodwill to their suppliers whose favourbecomes invaluable when the next shortage of raw materials arrives.

Fish feeds are normally marketed from the manufacturer to anetwork of distributors, dealers, and even sub-dealers due to the distance andisolation of many fish farms. However, large feed manufacturers like Vitarich,Universal Robina, and San Miguel Foods which have established company-owneddistribution channels for poultry and livestock feeds, are usually able tomarket directly to the sub-dealer level or consumer level. By contrast, otherfeed companies tap the marketing networks of provincial and municipal traders.For shrimp feeds, the marketing channel is simpler since farms are never too farfrom a city or major town; from the manufacturer (or importer) the channelpasses only through a distributor then directly to the farmer. A listing ofaquafeed distributors and dealers in specific areas can be obtained from themarketing department of the feed company concerned.

3.4.3 Pricing

Indicative wholesale prices of selected feedstuffs are shownin Table 44. In general, each level of trader from the farmer to the distributormakes 5-10% profit, while dealers and retailers who sell directly to the enduser make a margin of 10-15%. From the source of the raw material (i.e.farmer, miller, or importer) up to the feed manufacturer, the marketingchannel including the cost of transport adds from at least 30% to up to 80% onto the acquisition cost; the further the feed miller from the source the higheris its cost of feedstuffs. Large feed manufacturers for this reason often havepersonnel, agents, or direct suppliers at the trading area (Figure 30) allowingthem to substantially cut down their raw material cost which small feedmillersare unable to do.

Feed distributors and dealers usually make a margin of around4-6% for fish feeds and 7-11% for shrimp feeds. Feeds are generally marketed incash or in credit terms of 30-60 days, with cash purchases given attractivediscounts. In the case of shrimp feeds, the stiff competition over the remainingmarket has forced some companies to offer credit terms in excess of 60 days,with others even offering after harvest arrangements. Tables 30-31list the retail prices of fish and shrimp feeds in the Philippines.

The pricing of manufactured feeds in general is affected bythe import price of the major feedstuffs such as soybean oil meal and wheat, andthe seasonal availability of local feed ingredients. At times when the supply istight, it is not uncommon for feedstuff suppliers to require feedmillers to bookand pay for their orders in advance.

3.5 Nutrient Analysis ofFeedstuffs

Despite the current growth of the aquafeed milling industry,no comprehensive data has been published to date concerning the nutrient contentand value of the feedstuffs used in aquaculture diets. Although Gerpacio andCastillo (1979) provided an exhaustive compilation of the nutrient analysis ofPhilippine feedstuffs, this list only focused on ingredients used for land-basedfarm animals. A wealth of data on aquaculture feedstuffs however exists fromvarious sources, such as the SEAFDEC Central Analytical Laboratory, privatelaboratories, and research publications from universities and governmentresearch agencies. Tables 45a, 45b, and 45c show the proximate composition ofselected protein foods, energy foods, and natural foods of value to aquacultureand Tables 46 and 47 present the essential amino acid and fatty acid profile ofselected ingredients, respectively.

3.6 Directories of Manufacturers andSuppliers of Feeds, Feed Ingredients, Feed Additives, and Feed ManufacturingEquipment

The following directories have been compiled,namely:

· Directory ofpoultry and livestock feed manufacturers: commercial (Table 48a);
· Directory of poultry andlivestock feed manufacturers: non-commercial (Table 48b);
· Directory of hatchery feedsuppliers (Table 49);
· Directory of commercial andnon-commercial aquaculture feed manufacturers (Table 50);
· Directory of manufacturers andsuppliers of feed ingredients and additives (Table 51);
· Directory of accreditedabattoirs (Table 52);
· Directory of accredited meatprocessors (Table 53);
· Directory of poultry dressingplants (Table 54); and
· Directory of fish landingcentres (Table 55),

FAQs

What are the 3 types of feeds? ›

We can conveniently classify feeds into three main types: (1) roughages, (2) concentrates, and (3) mixed feeds. Roughages include pasture forages, hays, silages, and byproduct feeds that contain a high percentage of fiber.

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What are 3 examples of foods to make sure you consume enough of? ›

The best approach to ensure you get a variety of vitamins and minerals, and in the proper amounts, is to adopt a broad healthy diet. This involves an emphasis on fruits and vegetables, whole grains, beans and legumes, low-fat protein, and dairy products.

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What are feed resources? ›

TYPES OF FEED RESOURCES

The available feed resources can be grouped into four categories: forages, crop residues, agro-industrial by-products (AIBP) and non-conventional feed resources (NCFR). It is appropriate to briefly discuss each of these categories.

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Do we have enough resources to feed everyone? ›

Today, the world produces 150% more food on only 13% more land compared with 1960, thanks to many innovations in food production made over the years. We produce enough food to feed 1.5x the global population. That's enough to feed 10 billion yet we are at just over 7 billion currently. There is enough for everyone.

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What are the 4 types of feeding? ›

Filter feeding: obtaining nutrients from particles suspended in water. Deposit feeding: obtaining nutrients from particles suspended in soil. Fluid feeding: obtaining nutrients by consuming other organisms' fluids. Bulk feeding: obtaining nutrients by eating all of an organism.

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What is feed and its types? ›

The food eaten by animals is called feed. The animal feed is of two types: (i) Roughage — It largely contains fibres such as green fodder, silage, hay and legumes. (ii) Concentrates — It includes the mixture of substances which are rich in one or more nutrients.

What are the 3 foods you should eat everyday? ›

Including lean protein, vegetables, and nuts in the diet every day can help people stay healthy and prevent certain chronic conditions.

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How much food is enough? ›

Daily calorie requirements

Age	Sedentary level	Low active level
19-30 years	2,500	2,700
31-50 years	2,350	2,600
51-70 years	2,150	2,350
71+ years	2,000	2,200

8 more rows

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What are 3 foods you consume that are high quality sources of water? ›

Stay hydrated by eating these 11 foods

Melons such as watermelon, honeydew and cantaloupe.
Strawberries.
Pineapple.
Peaches.
Oranges.
Bell peppers.
Broccoli.
Celery.

More items...

Jun 22, 2022

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What are the examples of feed resources? ›

Feed categories

Cereal grains and by-products.
Legume seeds and by-products.
Oil plants and by-products.
Fruits and by-products.
Roots, tubers and by-products.
Sugar processing by-products.
Plant oils and fats.
Other plant by-products.

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What are the major feed resources? ›

Feed both in terms of quantity and quality is a major bottleneck for livestock production in Ethiopia. Feed resources can be classified as natural pasture, crop residue, improved forage and agro-industrial byproducts of which the first two contribute the largest share.

What are two examples of feed? ›

Some feeds, such as pasture grasses, hay and silage crops, and certain cereal grains, are grown specifically for animals. Other feeds, such as sugar beet pulp, brewers' grains, and pineapple bran, are by-products that remain after a food crop has been processed for human use.

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What are two sources of food? ›

Well, there are two sources of food – plants and animals. All of the food we eat comes from either of these two. The processed food we eat in our daily lives (like chips, cakes, pizzas, sandwiches etc) is a combination of various ingredients that are sourced from either plants or animals.

What are the 3 causes of food insecurity? ›

Causes of food insecurity

According to our Elevating Voices Report, people facing hunger struggle with high living costs, expensive housing, unemployment, and low-wage jobs.

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Why are resources not enough? ›

As our culture advanced and our species invented many things that will make our lives easier, our demand for raw materials increased by leaps and bounds. We get these resources from the other. The problem is, we're using too much and without care. Our planet just can't keep up with our ever increasing demands.

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What are the five types of feed? ›

Feed categories

Cereal and grass forages.
Legume forages.
Forage trees.
Aquatic plants.
Other forage plants.

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What are the classifications of feeds? ›

Feeds are generally classified into two broad categories, namely concentrates and forages. Concentrates are feeds which are high in energy content. The protein content in concentrates varies tremendously, from 2 to 80%. Forages, on the other hand, have a much narrower range in protein content, from 2 to 22%.

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What are the five types of animal feed? ›

It includes hay, straw, silage, compressed and pelleted feeds, oils and mixed rations, and sprouted grains and legumes. Grass and crop residues are the most important source of animal feed globally.

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What are the two main types of feed? ›

Two types of animal feeds are:

Roughage: These are rich in fiber; e.g., cowpea, berseem, etc. They are coarse and fibrous substances having low nutrient content. ...
Concentrates: These are nutrient-rich and low on fibers; e.g., oats, maize, etc. It is low in fibers but contains relatively high proteins and other nutrients.

Jul 3, 2022

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