What Is a Distribution Channel?
A distribution channel is the network of businesses or intermediaries through which a good or service passes until it reaches the final buyer or the end consumer. Distribution channels can include wholesalers, retailers, distributors, and even the internet.
Distribution channels are part of the downstream process, answering the question "How do we get our product to the consumer?" This is in contrast to the upstream process, also known as the supply chain, which answers the question "Who are our suppliers?"
Key Takeaways
- A distribution channel represents a chain of businesses or intermediaries through which the final buyer purchases a good or service.
- Distribution channels include wholesalers, retailers, distributors, and the Internet.
- In a direct distribution channel, the manufacturer sells directly to the consumer. Indirect channels involve multiple intermediaries before the product ends up in the hands of the consumer.
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Understanding Distribution Channels
A distribution channel is a path by which all goods and services travel to arrive at the intended consumer. Distribution channels can be short or long,and depend on the number of intermediaries required to deliver a product or service.
Increasing the number of ways a consumer can find a good can increase sales but it can also create a complex system that sometimes makes distribution management difficult. Longer distribution channels can also mean less profit for each intermediary along the way.
Components of a Distribution Channel
• Producer: Producers combine labor and capital to create goods and services for consumers.
• Agent: Agents commonly act on behalf of the producer to accept payments and transfer the title of the goods and services as it moves through distribution.
• Wholesaler: A person or company that sells large quantities of goods, often at low prices, to retailers.
•Retailer: A person or business that sells goods to the public in small quantities for immediate use or consumption.
• End Consumer: A person who buys a product or service.
Types of Distribution Channels
Direct
Adirectchannel allows the consumer to make purchases from the manufacturer. This direct, or short channel, may mean lower costs for consumers because they are buying directly from the manufacturer.
Indirect
An indirect channel allows the consumer to buy the goods from a wholesaler or retailer. Indirect channels are typical for goods that are sold in traditional brick-and-mortar stores.
Hybrid
Hybrid distribution channelsuse both direct channels and indirect channels. A product or service manufacturer may use both a retailer to distribute a product or service and may also make sales directly with the consumer.
Distribution Channel Levels
Level 0
This is a direct-to-consumer model where the producer sells its product directly to the end consumer. Amazon, whichuses its platform to sell Kindles to its customers, is an example of a direct model. Thisis the shortest distribution channel possible, cutting out both the wholesaler and the retailer.
Level 1
A producer sells directly to a retailer whosells the product to the end consumer. This level includes only one intermediary. HP or Dell are large enough to sell their computer products directly to reputable retailers such as Best Buy.
Level 2
Including two intermediaries, this level is one of the longest because it includes the producer, wholesaler, retailer, and consumer. In the wine and adult beverage industry, a winery cannot sell directly to a retailer. It operates in a multi-tiered system, meaning the law requires the winery to first sell its product to a wholesaler who then sells to a retailer. The retailer then sells the product to the end consumer.
Level 3
This level may add the jobber, this level adds the role of the individual who may assemble products from a variety of producers, stores them, sells them to retailers, and acts as a middle-man for wholesalers and retailers.
A distribution channel, also known as placement, can be part of a company's marketing strategy, which also includes the product, promotion, and price.
Distribution Channels in the Digital Era
Digital technology has transformed the way businesses, especially small businesses use direct channels of distribution. With increasing consumer demand for online shopping and easy-to-use eCommerce tools, direct selling means more success for businesses.
Rather than having to rely on relationships with retailers to sell their products, software and artificial intelligence (AI) sales technology allows companies to manage sales, and automatically achieve high customer relationship management (CRM).
Online advertising through social networks and search engines targets specific areas or demographics and social media networks are increasingly considered the industry standard and changing marketing strategies.
If a company continues to use indirect channels of distribution, digital technology also allows them to manage relationships with wholesale and retail partners more efficiently.
Choosing the Right Distribution Channel
Not all distribution channels work for all products, so companies need to choose the right one. The channel should align with the firm's overall mission and strategic vision including its sales goals.
The method of distribution should add value to the consumer. Do consumers want to speak to a salesperson? Will they want to handle the product before they make a purchase? Or do they want to purchase it online with no hassles? Answering these questions can help companies determine which channel they choose.
Secondly, the company should consider how quickly it wants its product(s) to reach the buyer. Certain products are best served by a direct distribution channel such as meat or produce, while others may benefit from an indirect channel.
If a company chooses multiple distribution channels, such as selling products online and through a retailer, the channels should not conflict with one another. Companies should strategize so one channel doesn't overpower the other.
What Is a Distribution Channel and What Components Does It Have?
The term “distribution channel” refers to the methods used by a company to deliver its products or services to the end consumer. It often involves a network of intermediary businesses such as manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers. Selecting and monitoring distribution channels is a key component of managing supply chains.
What Is the Difference Between Direct and Indirect Distribution Channels?
Direct distribution channels are those that allow the manufacturer or service provider to deal directly with its end customer. For example, a company that manufactures clothes and sells them directly to its customers using an e-commerce platform would be utilizing a direct distribution channel. By contrast, if that same company were to rely on a network of wholesalers and retailers to sell its products, then it would be using an indirect distribution channel.
How Is Placement Important in a Distribution Channel?
Placement isthe way a company ensures its target market has access to its products or service in the location they would be most likely to look for that product or service. An effective distribution system ensures that products are placed in the right location as needed.
The Bottom Line
A distribution channel is the network of businesses or intermediaries through which a good or service passes until it reaches the end consumer.Distribution channels can contain many levels or intermediaries, such as wholesalers or retailers, as products move from manufacturer to consumer. The introduction of eCommerce platforms has streamlined distribution enabling producers to sell directly to consumers.
